Narrative on Culture

Culture Crossing Do you ever take a gander at a total outsider and promptly order that individual? I will be the first to concede that I have done so more than I would mind to recognize. I was unquestionably raised to look downward on individuals, particularly the Jewish, regardless of what my folks will let you know. In spite of the fact that I was never really advised not to like or partner with a Jewish individual, the grown-ups in my family made it realized that it was unsuitable by expressing undesirable things about them. I heard the jewish would come to decent neighborhoods, take them over, and ruin them.I likewise heard that they executed Jesus. It was inescapable that I also would consider Jewish to be as second rate compared to me. With all the awful things I heard, it just appeared to be regular. I thought Jewish individuals were presumptuous, eager, scheming, and uneducated. I figured they should leave our nation on the grounds that their religion and social convictions w ere un-American. From the time I was a young lady through my mid twenties I looked downward on Jewish individuals until I met Joel one day while I was working. It was a run of the mill Friday at the Department of Motor Vehicles.It was fifteen minutes until shutting time and the spot was pressed. I was going to call my next client when a short man wearing high contrast from head to toe with long jawline brushing twists as sideburns wearing a dark cap moved toward my window. He was a Hasidic Jew and I was distraught. I recognized him. â€Å"Yes? † â€Å"Are you going to call this ticket number? † â€Å"Nope. Have a seat,† I said irritated. â€Å"I'm sorry to have pestered you. † As he was sitting down I saw the ticket number he had in his grasp. It was a seller ticket. We quit calling vendors at 4:30 p. m since it's time consuming.I was thinking about on the off chance that I was going to disclose to him this or let him discover the most difficult way possi ble. There was a major sign by the ticket machine that plainly expresses that we don't acknowledge vendor administrative work after 4:30 p. m. A portion of my associates saw him and began ridiculing his garments, yiddish emphasize and, ineptitude for not perusing the sign. Despite the fact that I would in general concur with them, I chose to be pleasant and assist this with keeping an eye on in light of the fact that I was weary of hearing my collaborators criticizing him. He was, all things considered, in hearing separation. I motioned the Hasidic man up to my window with my pointer. Sir, I ordinarily would not help you since we don't acknowledge sellers after 4:30 p. m in any case, I see you just have one arrangement so I will help you simply this one time. † He grinned from ear to ear and said thanks to me. I knew as a matter of fact that Hasidic men are not permitted to contact an item simultaneously as somebody from the other gender along these lines, I was exceptionally amazed when he gave me the papers through the bars as opposed to sliding them underneath the window hindrance. I didn't have a clue what to do. Would it be advisable for me to let the papers tumble to the work area? I would not like to be inconsiderate so I took the papers from him.After seeing his papers I before long understood that I would be not able to process the exchange and I conveyed the awful news to him. Anticipating the most exceedingly awful, I was prepared for the antagonistic answer I generally get from anybody I give unsavory news to. Rather, he was well mannered and humble. He expressed gratitude toward me again and again for taking him. I was charmingly amazed and grinned. I disclosed to him the extra papers he required and even wished him a goodbye. He was leaving when he turned and asked, â€Å"What is your name? † â€Å"Ann† I dubiously answered. â€Å"My name is Joel. Have an extraordinary end of the week Ann!I will see you first thing on Monday, † he said brightly as he strolled towards the entryway. I thought about what wasn't right with him. I had never went over a Hasidic man like him. As the metal doors lifted to the D. M. V entrance Monday morning, I saw Joel was the preferred choice. He waved. Goodness, wowsers. That was peculiar. My associates paid heed to him and began to prod me. â€Å"Look, there's Annie's exceptional friend,† said one. â€Å"Annie's wavy locks is here,† grunted another. I decided to overlook their inconsiderate comments and rang him to my window. â€Å"Good Morning Ann! Did you have a good end of the week? † Joel asked.He set a little tin of treats on the counter. â€Å"These are for you. They are from my sibling's pastry kitchen in Brooklyn,† he blissfully said as he slid the tin underneath the window bars. I disclosed to him that I was unable to acknowledge them and expressed gratitude toward him. â€Å"You have children? Truly? It would be ideal if you take t hem home to your youngsters then,† he demanded. I took the treats and shrouded them in my work area draw. â€Å"Thank you Joel, that was somewhat you. My youngsters will cherish the treats. † I trusted nobody saw the trade. I would not like to be prodded my collaborators. While altering and preparing his desk work, Joel began letting me know jokes.They were amusing yet I didn't set out snicker since they were about the Jewish. â€Å"Not all Hasidic's are radicals, Ann,† he chuckled. I didn't have the foggiest idea how to react. I never met a Hasidic man that was as benevolent and loquacious as Joel. I thought about whether he was from Kiryas Joel, the town inside the town of Monroe where it's occupants carefully watch the Torah and its edicts. On the off chance that he is, I'm figuring he shouldn't talk me like this. Hasidic men are banished from partner with lady who are not their spouses or family members. Imagine a scenario in which another Hasidic saw him con versing with me. Joel, do you live in Kiryas Joel? † I modestly inquired. â€Å"Yes, I do. For what reason do you inquire? † â€Å"Um, wouldn't you be able to get in a difficult situation for conversing with me? † I made some hard memories getting the words out. I was humiliated. â€Å"I have numerous standards however it doesn't imply that I tail them perfectly? † I was charmed. I thought minimal about Hasidism. I decided this would be a fantastic chance to learn. â€Å"Would you mind on the off chance that I asked you inquiries about your religion? † I discreetly inquired. Joel allowed me to ask him anything. As time went on, I called him straight up to my window.None of my associates needed to help him at any rate and, I anticipated our discussions. I asked him inquiries about everything from engaging in sexual relations through a gap in the sheet to having an occasion that they are requested to become inebriated. Joel energetically shared his en counters in detail forgetting about nothing. He clarified occasions, the significance of convention, and convictions. I took in the life of a Hasidic from birth through marriage. Joel taught me on why they dress all in dark, what sort of instruction they get, sex jobs, adequate amusement, and whatever other perspective that I thought to ask him about.He disclosed the control required to decline standard American culture. At the point when he talked about his orchestrated marriage, I started to comprehend and regard the thought behind it. It seemed more secure in the comprehensive view since accomplices were picked that were useful for a lifetime not short captivations. I was astounded how receptive I was turning out to be. I had picked up regard for his religion and turned out to be very partial to Joel. I considered him to be an entire individual as opposed to the Hasidic Jew I once observed. My strict and social childhood cultivated my ignorance.I grew up feeling better than indiv iduals outside my way of life and religion since I basically didn't have a clue about any better. Meeting Joel changed my view on culture and religion. Through sharing his conventions and convictions, I understood that different societies collaborate distinctively and it's regularly confused as inconsiderateness, outrage and, absurdity. Becoming acquainted with Joel made me see that our social and strict convictions didn't make us any less or anything else of an individual. In view of our normal mankind, I figured out how to regard social and strict decent variety.

Cloud Computing Essay

Conceptual: This white paper is a prologue to the terms, qualities, and administrations related with web based figuring, ordinarily alluded to as distributed computing. Likewise presented are the advantages and difficulties related with distributed computing, and for those looking to utilize interchanges benefits in the cloud, quickly introduced are various methods of deciding the interfaces expected to utilize these correspondences administrations. Distributed computing is the place programming applications, handling force, information and conceivably even man-made consciousness are gotten to over the Internet. Numerous private people currently consistently utilize an online email application, for example, Gmail, Yahoo! Mail or Hotmail. The area of physical assets and gadgets being gotten to are ordinarily not known to the end client. It additionally gives offices to clients to create, send and deal with their applications ‘on the cloud’, which involves virtualization of assets that keeps up and oversees itself. 1. What is Cloud Computing? Distributed computing gives the office to get to shared assets and normal framework, offering administrations n request over the system to perform tasks that meet changing business needs. Definitions: â€Å"Cloud processing is a general term for whatever includes conveying facilitated benefits over the internet.† †Wikipedia â€Å"Cloud registering is Internet-based figuring, whereby shared assets, programming, and data are given to PCs and different gadgets on request, similar to the power grid.†-Wikipedia Basically a cloud is a virtualization of Resources that oversees and looks after itself. CCSIT, Junagadh tank.infotech@yahoo.com Page 1 2. Kinds of cloud Open Cloud: the administrations are conveyed to the customer by means of the Internet from an outsider specialist organization. Model: Amazon, Yahoo, Google Case of Clouds 3. Engineering Cloud architecture,[15] the frameworks engineering of the product frameworks engaged with the conveyance of distributed computing, commonly includes various cloud segments speaking with one another over application programming interfaces, for the most part web administrations and 3-level design. This looks like the Unix theory of having various projects each doing one thing great and cooperating over all inclusive interfaces. Intricacy is controlled and the subsequent frameworks are more reasonable than their solid partners. Private Cloud: these administrations are overseen and given inside the association. There are less limitation on organize transfer speed, less security exposures and other lawful prerequisites contrasted with the open Cloud. Model: HP Data Centers Hybrid cloud: There is some disarray over the term â€Å"Hybrid† when applied to the cloud †a standard meaning of the term â€Å"Hybrid Cloud† has not yet developed. The term â€Å"Hybrid Cloud† has been utilized to mean either two separate mists consolidated (open, private, inner or outside), or a mix of virtualized cloud server cases utilized along with genuine physical equipment. The most right meaning of the term â€Å"Hybrid Cloud† is likely the utilization of physical equipment and virtualized cloud server occurrences together to offer a solitary regular assistance Design The two most noteworthy parts of distributed computing engineering are known as the front end and the back end. The front end is the part observed by the customer, for example the PC client. Cross breed cloud CCSIT, Junagadh tank.infotech@yahoo.com Page 2 This incorporates the client’s system (or PC) and the applications used to get to the cloud by means of a UI, for example, an internet browser. The back finish of the distributed computing design is simply the ‘cloud’, involving different PCs, servers and information stockpiling gadgets joint effort. For more data on community oriented working utilizing Google Docs, you can watch the now exemplary video Google Docs in Plain English. Taking joint effort even further, the yields of some SaaS applications can be inserted in other website pages as web administration contraptions. For instance, a Google Docs or Zoho Sheet graph can be crushed into another site. There it will naturally refresh when the information in the online spreadsheet that is producing it is changed. SaaS applications are additionally continually refreshed, which can free clients of the â€Å"upgrade hell† of a significant customary programming bundle update. The disservice of SaaS is that it is fundamentally a takeit-or-leave-it type of distributed computing. This implies organizations and people who require direct access to distributed computing equipment on which they can run their own applications can't utilize SaaS. Or maybe, they have to cloud register at the stage or foundation level utilizing either stage as a help (PaaS) or framework as an assistance (IaaS). 4. Administrations of Cloud Computing SaaS(Software as a Service) PaaS(Platform as a Service) IaaS(Infrastructure as a Service) Administrations Of Cloud processing PaaS(Platform as a Service) A stage is a product domain used to create and run applications. For instance, Microsoft Word is an application that sudden spikes in demand for the Microsoft Windows stage. At the point when individuals decide to cloud figure utilizing stage as an assistance or ‘PaaS’, they acquire access to an online stage gave by a distributed computing merchant. They would then be able to utilize this stage to create and convey their own on the web (SaaS) applications. Applications created utilizing PaaS might be utilized secretly by only one or a couple of clients inside a specific organization. Be that as it may, they can likewise be offered free or for-an expense to anyone on the web. This implies in the event that you have an extraordinary thought for another online application, at that point you can utilize PaaS to transform it into a reality! A few cloud providers presently offer PaaS devices. Most quite these incorporate Google App Engine, Microsoft Windows Azure, and Force.com. Every single such contribution adequately give their clients a container of distributed computing Lego. New applications are then built from the plastic blocks on offer. With Force.com, a few applications can even be fabricated utilizing a basic simplified interface. Moderately nontechnical individuals can in this manner make new online applications rapidly. SaaS (Software as a Service) Programming as a help is the place PC applications are gotten to over the Internet as opposed to being introduced on a neighborhood processing gadget or in a nearby server farm. In this way, for instance, individuals may utilize an online word processor like Google Docs, an online database application like Zoho Creator, an online photograph editorial manager like Pixar, or a web based invoicing application, for example, Zoho Invoice. Numerous SaaS applications are allowed to use, at any rate at first. You can discover connections to a considerable number of in the Cloud Computing Directory. SaaS can furnish its clients with numerous advantages. These incorporate the general distributed computing favorable circumstances of dynamic versatility and any gadget freedom, just as the advantage of having the option to utilize an application without bringing about fixed expenses. Numerous SaaS applications are likewise community. This permits various clients to share records and even to chip away at them at the equivalent time. For model, in the Google Docs spreadsheet various clients can deal with various cells all the while. The cells various clients are chipping away at are secured off and featured various hues. A continuous visit window can likewise be opened up close by the spreadsheet to additionally improve To be sure, Force.com guarantee that their â€Å"simplified programming model and cloud-based condition mean [customers] can construct and run applications multiple times quicker, at about a large portion of the expense of customary programming platforms†. Google App Engine and Force.com likewise permit an underlying application to be made for nothing! While PaaS is extraordinary as a rule, its clients do should be aware of the included adaptability sections power exchange off. This means while PaaS makes it generally simple to make new online applications, clients are by the by obliged by the specific programming dialects and devices gave by their PaaS provider. As such, PaaS merchants have complete command over which Lego blocks they permit their clients to work with. While this guarantees applications manufactured utilizing the devices on offer will consistently work accurately, it is all things considered prohibitive. It is therefore that numerous organizations and a few p eople decide to cloud figure at the foundation level. Devoted physical servers and virtual server examples can perform the very same capacities. Be that as it may, there are a few contrasts between them. For a beginning, virtual server occurrences are less expensive to flexibly as every doe not require its own bit of physical equipment in a cloud server farm. Then again, virtual server occurrences are at times observed as less secure by the individuals who would prefer not to impart server equipment to different clients. Therefore, four classes of IaaS are accessible. These are most usually known as â€Å"private clouds†, â€Å"dedicated hosting†, â€Å"hybrid hosting† and â€Å"cloud hosting†. 5. How distributed computing functions? In conventional endeavor figuring, IT divisions estimate interest for applications and limit and put away time and cash to build up those assets inhouse or buy them from others and work them in-house. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) Framework as a help or â€Å"IaaS† is the place a cloud provider gives online foundation on which their clients can store information and create and run whatever applications they please. IaaS subsequently permits organizations to move their current projects and information into the cloud and to shut down their own neighborhood servers and server farms. While figuring applications run on stages, stages thus run on processing framework. In this way, for instance, while the Microsoft Word application runs on the Microsoft Windows stage, thus

Your path to Illinois starts here!

Your path to Illinois starts here! Hey, y’all! I’m back! Back to talk to you about how to start your Illinois journey. I’ve said it before, and I’ll say it again, the college search process is overwhelming. I hope this post will help you, no matter where you are in school or the world, make a little more sense of finding the perfect school for you and feeling more confident in your college search. Also, check out our full action plan. For everyone… Request more information from our office! We have a team here to provide you with information that YOU want. By filling out that form, you’ll get on our mailing list and we’ll send you personalized communication based on your interest. So seriously, freshman-seniors fill out the form. If you’re just starting your search What are you looking for in a college? Size? Location? Major? Financial aid package? I recommend narrowing down your options by thinking about your non-negotiables. For me, I knew I wanted to stay in Illinois, but some people may be looking for rankings, access to resources, etc. How to prepare inside the classroom Talk to your counselor to make sure youre taking challenging classes and are on track to meet our  admissions  requirements. After creating a list of your preferences and strengths, narrow down your academic interests until you have a  major or two  in  mind. Take the PSAT tests and prepare to take the ACT/SAT during your junior year. How to prepare outside the classroom We admit great students that have succeeded inside and outside of the classroom. We look for your extracurricular activities to provide leadership opportunities and prove that you’re able to balance your time. Sometimes these involvements relate to future careers, and that’s even better! SENIORS! We made something just for you, seriously. Check out our Senior Calendar. And I’d recommend using this calendar, or something like it, for every single  school you’re applying to, keeping all of your dates and deadlines in one place. Now let’s talk Illinois Need a reason to consider Illinois?  How about 200+? Also, we offer AWESOME summer programs  hosted on our campus to learn a whole lot and see what life at Illinois is  like. These programs fill up fast, so have them on your radar early! Oh and visit, visit,  visit. Whether you come to campus or check out our virtual tours, we want to give you plenty of opportunities to picture yourself as an Illini. Ready?! Until next time@kaci_uofi Kaci Admissions Counselor I work extensively with our large campus visit programs to give our prospective students first-hand experience of life at Illinois. I grew up in and around Champaign-Urbana, but most recently I moved from northwest Ohio, where I finished my master’s degree in College Student Personnel.

The King Of Marcus Aurelius - 1322 Words

The son of Marcus Aurelius,’ Commodus Antoninus, came to power in the wake of his father’s death in March of 180 CE. From the death of Marcus Aurelius came the end to the Five Good Emperors. Commodus’ reign lasted from 180 to 192 CE and he described it as a â€Å"golden age.† (cite) However, this was far from the truth. Commodus succumbed to the lure of self-indulgence and become a megalomaniac. Along with those two flaws, he also held deep antagonism against the Senate. (cite) Arguably, the two most important aspects of his reign was: his identification with the demigod Hercules and his participation in gladiatorial games. Commodus thought himself as a reborn Hercules, he appeared in public places donned in a lion hide cloak. It was a reference to the Nemean Lion that Hercules fought in his twelve labors.(cite) And even in the arena, a horror to the senate but possibly to the delight of the plebs, he wore this fighting. But there was a belief held strong ly by the elite that Roman Emperors were not supposed to do this. But his love for the games was so immense he partook in them regardless of their beliefs. Commodus participated in the gladiatorial games for his own self-indulgence and fantasies about being Hercules. To Roman elite, seeing the Emperor do this was appalling because gladiators were not supposed to be high class; they were slaves or prisoners, and this is reason the Roman elite disliked his behavior. Senators were forced to witness a number of these games. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Philosopher King2423 Words   |  10 Pagesone we’ll need? (Plato 203). The image of the philosopher king was thoroughly described in Plato’s Republic, but the perfect ruler or philosopher king has transformed throughout history and are influenced by historical events. First, the description of a perfect ruler in an ideal society in Plato’s Republic will be the first comparison and the basis of a philosopher king. Second, M arcus Aurelius, who was described as the first philosopher king wrote Meditations and it expresses his own thoughts andRead MoreWalt Disneys The Lion King Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no doubt that todays entertainment has lost most of its touch with the more classical influences of its predecessors. However, in mid-1994, Walt Disney Pictures released what could arguably be the best animated feature of all time in The Lion King. With a moral base unlike most of the movies released at the time, TLK placed a childrens facade on a very serious story of responsibility and revenge. However, this theme is one of the oldest in history, and it is not the least apparent in one ofRead MoreCommodus : The Emperor Of Rome728 Words   |  3 Pages Commodus was bred to live like a king but wasn t born to rule as one. He was the most questionable emperors in the history of Rome. His rise to power is and always will be deliberated. 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Stoicism can be divided intoRead MoreThe Black, The White, And The Grey1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black, the White, the Grey: (A Discussion about the qualities of a good leader in relation to Machiavelli, Plato, and Marcus Aurelius) In modern politics so much of the black and white has blended into grey. It has become increasingly more difficult to define a good leader. Just looking at the Presidential candidates for the upcoming election is making me sick. Theodore Roosevelt, one of the truly good leaders of our country, says, â€Å"People ask the difference between a leader and a boss. The leaderRead MoreEssay on Commodus1453 Words   |  6 Pagesthe worse emperor in the history of Rome. The fact that his father, Marcus Aurelius, was a popular and successful ruler may have raised the precedent that Commodus had to live up to. But for whatever reason, Commodus proved a disconnected and self indulgent leader. At the age of five Commodus was named Caesar, and at the age of seventeen he became co-Augustus with his father. He spent his childhood accompanying Marcus Aurelius on political campaigns, and learned a lot on how to run an empire. HoweverRead MoreEssay on Summer Reading756 Words   |  4 Pagesburn the longest, but everything failed, it was with their hard work and persistence they finally found a material that burned for 200 hours, lighting up New York at the hours of darkness, eventually the whole world. The same as for what Martin Luther King and other civil rights activists did, with their passion to gain equality they put themselves out and fought for not only their rights but everyone else, protesting day by day even though they were treated with hostility, little by little their hardRead MoreReflecting on Why the Roman Empire was Great Essay838 Words   |  4 Pageschange. It could be assumed that is the leadership that passed through Roman history that made it great but a greater question is are these leaders great through pedigree and lineage or was it by accountability. Rome was a land that started with kings moved to a senate and ended with emperors. Emperors could gain power through war or money and family legacy. This was seen throughout Roman history, however the successfulness of such emperors was just as fluid as how they gained power. There isRead MoreSpecial Objects Report Of Trajan s Column Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesnotable style characteristics could include its continuous helical frieze. Within the frieze are the reliefs that tell the narrative of the wars against the the Dacians. The design of Trajan’s Column can easily be compared to that of the Column of Marcus Aurelius, which has many identical aspects. The structure’s most remarkable structural features can be classified as either Roman or Dacian, depending on what cultural influences were apparently dominant for the structure (Thill, Elizabeth 28). To beRead More Philosophies of Meditations by Marcus Aurelius Essay examples2608 Words   |  11 Pages Marcus Aurelius Even today, Meditations by Marcus Aurelius is read by every class from kings to common people. The book is a universal classic, meaning it can be related to at any time, by anyone. The philosophies included in his book have spanned the centuries, and Meditations remains to be one of the most influential books ever written. Marcus Aurelius was born on April 20, 121 AD into a family of royalty. His uncle and adoptive father, Antoninus Pius, was the emperor of Rome. Aurelius,

Essay on Frosts Desert Places - 504 Words

Desert Places In the poem Desert Places by Robert Frost, the author describes the scenery in which he came across with. It was on a winter day, and the day was turning into a night. As he went across a field, he saw that the ground was almost all covered in snow. But then he noticed a few weeds and stubble on the ground. On the first line, Frost talks about how the night falling fast. This is referring to how fast Frost felt concerning time, which went by fast in real life. At the end of the line, Frost added two simple words which seems to add a sense of desperation, or even a sense of hopelessness, to the whole idea of time going by fast. The words â€Å"oh, fast† seem to show that although Frost did not like it, but there was†¦show more content†¦Snow here could represent dullness or loneliness. Frost feels that everything or everyone around him are filled with loneliness, no excitement and everything seems to be the same. Line four in the poem says that â€Å"But a few we eds and stubble showing last.† Here it tells us that although dullness, emptiness, or loneliness covered almost everything around him, he could still see some life or excitement somewhere in between. Yet this small bits of life and excitement were nothing compared to the overwhelming emptiness. In the next couple of lines, Frost seems to have forgotten all about the weeds and stubble he saw and put his attention back to the empty, snow covered surroundings. He then looks at the woods near the field and that too have been covered in snow. He also mentioned that all the animals are covered in snow in their lairs. These two lines again emphasize how Frost feels. He knows that there are live around him, yet those life are also filled with emptiness. Soon he even realized that not only the surroundings that were filled with loneliness, but Frost himself are also in it as line eight says, â€Å"The loneliness includes me unawares.† Last stanza of the poem talks about the empt iness that is so overwhelming that even when Frost looks up to the sky, all that he could see or feel is still loneliness and emptiness. But then Frost mentions that the emptiness or loneliness that he fears the most isn’t the one that exist onShow MoreRelated Robert Frosts Desert Places882 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frosts Desert Places One of the most monumental poetic works of T.S Eliot is ‘The Waste Land’. The poem emerges as a gigantic metaphor for melancholy, loneliness, solitude- the unavoidable companions of human existence. Similar kinds of feelings are evoked by Robert Frost in ‘Desert Places’. The very title is suggestive of a mood of emptiness. Throughout our life we cross various deserts to find our destiny. The beauty of the poem lies in the conjunction – the meeting point desertRead More Analysis of Robert Frosts Desert Places Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Robert Frosts Desert Places Robert Frosts Desert Places is a testament to the harrowing nature of solidarity. By subjecting the narrator to the final moments of daylight on a snowy evening, an understanding about the nature of blank spaces and emptiness becomes guratively illuminated. The poems loneliness has the ability to transcend nature and drill a hole through the mind of the narrator so that all hope for relationships with man and nature are abandoned. Read MoreStopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening And Desert Places922 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† and â€Å"Desert Places† are complementary works which coincide with the naturesque elements most commonly ascribed to Frost. The two poems were published over a decade apart in a period after the first World War where feelings of lack of community and self-worth had grown in precedents amongst the general public. The early years of Frost’s literary career were spent on his poultry farm in Derry, New Hampshire as he toiled his land. Although FrostRead MoreEssay about The Dark Side of Humanity Exposed in Robert Frosts Poetry991 Words   |  4 PagesHumanity Exposed in Robert Frosts Poetry Robert Frost is often referred to as a poet of nature. Words and phrases such as fire and ice, flowers in bloom, apple orchards and rolling hills, are all important elements of Frosts work. These ‘benign objects provide an alternative way to look at the world and are often used as metaphors to describe a darker view of nature and humans. In Frosts poetry, the depth is as important as the surface. The darker aspects of Frosts poetry are often portrayedRead MoreImagery in Robert Frost’s â€Å"Desert Places†720 Words   |  3 PagesApril 19, 2010 Imagery in Robert Frost’s â€Å"Desert Places† Robert Frost, an American poet of the late 19th century, used nature in many of his writings. One of the great examples is the poem â€Å"Desert Places† that express feelings of a speaker and the meaning of the entire poem through images of nature. The poem describes two different kinds of desert places and clearly emphasizes the most frightening one. To help readers understand the meaning of â€Å"Desert Places†, Frost uses variety of images to createRead MoreAbandonment and Singularity in Robert Frosts Poetry.1463 Words   |  6 PagesLoneliest Number† or â€Å"Does Zero Count?† Abandonment and Singularity in Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Census- Taker† Robert Frost’s approach to human isolation is always an interesting exploration. His poem of desertion and neglect paired with eternal hopefulness ignite the reader in his poem â€Å"The Census-Taker.† All of the elements of a Frost poem are in this particular poem. â€Å"The Census-Taker† must be from an earlier time in Frost’s career because the poem is written in an open, free verse similar to the styleRead MoreFrost, By Robert Frost1976 Words   |  8 Pagesthe world we inhabit (49, Dickstein). In most of Frost’s work, readers and critics enjoy his choices of theme, likely being the outdoors and his surroundings. By using â€Å"emotions recollected in tranquility† and his organic and inviolable relationship with his countryside, he celebrates New England’s natural beauty throughout his literature using simple and accessible idioms. Edward Garnett once predicted that Frost â€Å"was destined to take a permanent place in American Literature† which he unquestionablyRead MoreRobert Frost Essay814 Words   |  4 Pages Robert Frost successfully taken readers imagination on a journey through the wintertime with his poems quot;Desert Placesquot; and quot;Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.quot; Frosts New England background in these two poems reflect the beautiful scenery that is present in our part of the country. Even though these poems both have winter settings they contain completely different tones. One poem has a feeling of a depressing loneliness, and the other of feeling welcome. The poems show howRead MoreDesert Places841 Words   |  4 PagesDesert Places by Robert Frost Snow falling and night falling fast, oh, fast In a field I looked into going past, And the ground almost covered smooth in snow, But a few weeds and stubble showing last. The woods around it have it - it is theirs. All animals are smothered in their lairs. I am too absent-spirited to count; The loneliness includes me unawares. And lonely as it is, that loneliness Will be more lonely ere it will be less - A blanker whiteness of benighted snowRead MoreSnow Imagery in â€Å"Desert Places† and â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†1246 Words   |  5 Pagesand â€Å"Birches.† One of the nature imageries that have been used frequently by Robert Frost is the snow imagery. Although the snow imagery appears in many other poems by Frost we will be dealing with the poems â€Å"Desert Places† and â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.† Even though â€Å"Desert Places† and â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† share many qualities such as the common imagery of snow, the scene of the speaker travelling at night and the quantity of stanzas, they are as equally different or

B2b Branding A Sustainability Perspective - 1377 Words

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Introduction To Management Bureaucratic Structures

Question: Explain why bureaucratic structures are often criticised for having a negative impact on employee motivation. Use your answer to identify the characteristics of such organisations, and use the motivation theory of either Maslow or Herzberg to support your arguments in regards to motivation. Answer: Introduction According to Taormina and Gao (2013), Maslow's Law of Needs hierarchy is summarized as, workers move up the ladder as their level of needs are met. This case study discusses the different bureaucratic structures and its implication on employee motivation. Abraham Maslows Law of Needs theory explains how every step of the hierarchy level can be implemented in the structure of an organization and its positive or negative influence on the employees. Bureaucratic Structures and its Implication of Employee Motivation Physiological Needs According to Jeromee (2013), for human survival, water, air, food, sleep, and shelter are essential to meet their physiological needs. In an organization for the employees to work without being subjected to starvation, exhaustion, and dehydration, they would need clean water to drink and keep hydrated, fresh air to breathe, healthy foods from canteens or vendors to be energized, the break between shifts to release stress and adequate time for their leisure (Kantor and Streitfeld, 2015). Safety Needs As opined by Taormina and Gao, (2013), employees need to feel safe and sound in a workplace without the risk of getting injured or hurt; they can work without interruption, which leads to their emotional well-being in the working environment. According to the investigation undertaken by OSHA, workers at Amazon were subjected to workplace hazards including noise, fall, amputation and electrical hazards. Tucker, Ogunfowora and Ehr (2016) has cited that Amazon has not recorded 26 instances of injuries and illness related to work. Social Needs As stated by Kaur (2013), it is known that man cannot live satisfactorily without social interaction, companionship, inclusion, and acceptance. Amazon's workplace is an old-fashioned model where they treat the employees as replaceable cogs. Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, said to have envisioned a new workplace which will be tough but fluid, where employees will stay for a short time, but employers will have high expectations from them (Landau, 2012). Esteem Needs As opined by Taormina and Gao (2013), in an organization, a person needs to be identified for his accomplishments and Maslow divides it as external and internal motivators. Internal motivators are the one's employees set for themselves as personal goals, like beating last month's sales figure or finishing a task before the deadline. Amazon tried its "Pay to Quit" retention method and the idea is to pay associates to quit. Jeff Bezos idea is that, if employees are not happy working then neither the employee nor the company will benefit from it (Harris, 2015). Self-Actualization According to Carland, Carland and Carland (2015), according to Maslow's law, those who have their entire physiological, social, safety and self-esteem needs are met and can recognize themselves in achieving their real potential with utmost justice and wisdom in their words, and speaking truth can move to a higher level of understanding and empathy for others (Guilln, Ferrero and Hoffman, 2015). At Amazon, employees are encouraged to tear each other's ideas in a meeting, and they expect their employees to respond to emails arriving past midnight or asking them to cite reasons for not answering. It is frequently used to sabotage others (Kantor and Streitfeld, 2015). By the words of Rojas and Guardiola (2016), in any organization, workers expect from their job some basic safety needs such as basic security, protection, stability and freedom. The self-actualization, esteem and social needs fall in the higher-order needs while the safety needs and physiological is included in the lower-order needs (Houseman, 2015). Maintenance Subsystems As opined by Smith (2013), it includes the social involvement of the firms employees. In this group, activities are directly related to providing compensation and motivation to the workers, in turn empowering employees, creating favorable work conditions and fulfilling their needs. Maslow mentions about creating motivation in a workplace in Law of Needs.' It falls under esteem needs. Managerial Subsystems As defined by Mouzelis (2013), in an organization, managerial subsystems guide the operations of other systems of the firm. Managerial operations include settling disputes, allocating resources, setting policies and goals and work towards facilitating the organizations efficiency. Workers are motivated when their problems are settled and a meaningful purpose is set in their life. It is categorized under esteem and safety needs. Division of labor As told by Durkheim (2014), Division of labor is part of mainly all organizations and is either vertical or horizontal. The vertical section has three levels top, middle, and bottom. Labor is also divided into a group horizontally by categorizing departments, task groups, and assigning workers with suitable skills to respective groups. Decision-making structures As defined by Pettigrew (2014), it is the second most fundamental characteristic of an organization used to arrange authority. It varies in the degree of decentralization and centralization. Centralized decision structures are also called tall firms because the necessary decisions are passed down from the higher level, passing through different channels until they arrive at the lowest level of the hierarchy (Sciarini, 2015). According to Maslow, this creates job insecurity. This falls into the safety needs of the lower level of the hierarchy (Yu, 2013). According to Jackson, Wood and Zboja (2013), in flat organizations, the decision making structures are decentralized only employing a few levels of hierarchy. In Maslow's needs theory, this can be grouped under social needs (El-Sayegh et al., 2016). Organizational Structures As opined by Hanks (2015), in a functionally structured organization, only those are selected who can achieve an effective specialization of labor, so that people with specific skills can have a definite career path in their particular department. For employees, this structure is easy to understand and therefore, they can identify themselves with the group and can feel the accomplishment when the department flourishes (Scott, 2013). Leadership Grid In an organization, leadership style is identified by a tool called Leadership Grid (Carter, Ulrich and Goldsmith, 2012). The different leadership styles are: Organization Man Management A leader can adequately handle the performance of an organization by balancing the need of getting the work done and maintaining peoples morale at a satisfactory level. This can be included in esteem and social needs of the hierarchy level (Rice, 2013). Impoverished Management According to Nonaka et al. (2014), here, to sustain in the organization leaders do require minimum work. It is a part of safety needs of the hierarchy level. Authority-Obedience Here leaders arrange the conditions by the use of power, control and authority so that the interference of human elements to the efficiency of the organization can be minimum. It can be included in the esteem needs of the hierarchy (Einarsen, Aasland and Skogstad, 2016). Team Management As opined by Goetsch and Davis (2014), a goal-centered approach is taken by the leaders to gain high-quantity and good-quality results through the group members broad involvement. Involvement includes participation, commitment, and conflict resolution. It can be incorporated in the social needs. Country Club Management Here, the leaders put emphasis to spread good feelings among the workers and staffs even if work production deteriorates. It can be categorized into social needs in the higher order of hierarchy level (Whyte, 2013). Leader-Subordinate relationship As defined by Robert, Dunne and Iun (2015), employee job satisfaction can be the result of both leader positive-reinforcement and employee-centered behavior or leader consideration. Lower job satisfaction of employees can be the outcome of production-centered leadership or high initiating structure. It is part of the safety needs. Conclusion In an organization, the motivation factors of employees can be due to various reasons and this case study discusses them. Different subsystems in a body tell about the operation of a firm and that the workplace environment influences employees to a varying degree. The horizontal method is preferable for the employees as it considered humanistic and they can directly report to their bosses or the respective authorities. Functional organizational structure tells how specific people are employed so that they can follow their specialization to make a career in their department which aligns with the organizational goals. References: Carland Jr, J.W., Carland, J.A.C. and Carland III, J.W.T., 2015. Self-actualization: The zenith of entrepreneurship.Journal of Small Business Strategy,6(1), pp.53-66. Carter, L., Ulrich, D. and Goldsmith, M. eds., 2012.Best practices in leadership development and organization change: how the best companies ensure meaningful change and sustainable leadership(Vol. 18). John Wiley Sons. Datta, Y., 2014. Maslows hierarchy of basic needs: An ecological view.Oxford Journal: An International Journal of Business Economics,8(1). Durkheim, E., 2014.The division of labor in society. Simon and Schuster. Einarsen, S., Aasland, M.S. and Skogstad, A., 2016. the nature and outcomes of destructive leadership behavior in Organizations.Risky Business: Psychological, Physical and Financial Costs of High Risk Behavior in Organizations, p.323. El-Sayegh, S.M., Kashif, M., Al Sharqawi, M., Nikoula, N. and Alhimairee, M., 2016, May. Significant Factors Affecting the Size and Structure of Project Organizations. In2016 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Management Science and Application (ICIMSA)(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Geller, E.S., 2015. Why we need HUMANISTIC BEHAVIORISM.ISHN,49(10), p.52. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Guilln, M., Ferrero, I. and Hoffman, W.M., 2015. The neglected ethical and spiritual motivations in the workplace.Journal of business ethics,128(4), pp.803-816. Hanks, S.H., 2015. The organization life cycle: Integrating content and process.Journal of Small Business Strategy,1(1), pp.1-12. Harris, C.G., 2015, February. The effects of pay-to-quit incentives on crowdworker task quality. InProceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Social Computing(pp. 1801-1812). ACM. Houseman, M., 2015. The hierarchical relation: A particular ideology or a general model?.HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory,5(1), pp.251-269. Jackson, R.W., Wood, C.M. and Zboja, J.J., 2013. The dissolution of ethical decision-making in organizations: A comprehensive review and model.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), pp.233-250. Jerome, N., 2013. Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), pp.39-45. Kantor, J. and Streitfeld, D., 2015. Inside Amazon: Wrestling big ideas in a bruising workplace.The New York Times,15. Kaur, A., 2013. Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory: Applications and Criticisms.Global Journal of Management and Business Studies,3(10), pp.1061-1064. Landau, J., 2012.Jeff Bezos and Amazon. The Rosen Publishing Group. Lzroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), pp.97-102. Mouzelis, N.P., 2013.OrganisatnBureaucracy Ils 157(Vol. 8). Routledge. Nonaka, I., Chia, R., Holt, R. and Peltokorpi, V., 2014. Wisdom, management and organization.Management Learning,45(4), pp.365-376. Pettigrew, A.M., 2014.The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge. Rice, A.L., 2013.The enterprise and its environment: A system theory of management organization(Vol. 10). Routledge. Robert, C., Dunne, T.C. and Iun, J., 2015. The Impact of Leader Humor on Subordinate Job Satisfaction The Crucial Role of LeaderSubordinate Relationship Quality.Group Organization Management, p.1059601115598719. Rojas, M. and Guardiola, J., 2016. A Hierarchy of Unsatisfied Needs: A Subjective Well-Being Study. InA Life Devoted to Quality of Life(pp. 105-122). Springer International Publishing. Sciarini, P., 2015. More Power Balance, Less Consensus: Changes in Decision-Making Structures over Time. InPolitical Decision-Making in Switzerland(pp. 51-77). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Scott, W.R., 2013.Institutions and organizations: Ideas, interests, and identities. Sage Publications. Smith, K.L., 2013. Social Organizations.The Behavioral and Social Sciences and the Practice of Medicine: The Psychiatric Foundations of Medicine,2, p.311. Taormina, R.J. and Gao, J.H., 2013. Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs.The American journal of psychology,126(2), pp.155-177. Tucker, S., Ogunfowora, B. and Ehr, D., 2016. Safety in the C-Suite: How Chief Executive Officers Influence Organizational Safety Climate and Employee Injuries. Whyte, W.H., 2013.The organization man. University of Pennsylvania Press. Yu, P.L., 2013.Multiple-criteria decision making: concepts, techniques, and extensions(Vol. 30). Springer Science Business Media.

Was Mary Mallon a victim or villain free essay sample

Mary Mallon was a woman of Irish descent who came to the United States as an immigrant to start a new life in 1886. She worked as a cook in a house where wealthy families came to celebrate their vacation. She was a healthy carrier of typhoid and made the guests sick and they died because of her. Although science had not been developed enough yet and she was tried unfairly it did not make her only a victim. Mary Mallon transformed from victim to villain. When she decided not to report to the police and return to cooking. Mary Mallon was a victim when she was quarantined for the first time. Science had not been developed enough yet to prove and explain what healthy carriers really were and if they existed at all. She believed that she could not be a carrier without being sick. At the time she was asked by George Soper, a researcher who specialized in investigating where diseases come from, to cooperate to do a test with him, which she did not want to do. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Mary Mallon a victim or villain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Soper implied that she might carry the bacteria and be the cause of the vacationers in the house getting sick. But because she was not sick herself she did not believe a word he said and ignored him. Mary had no reason to believe she could be a typhoid carrier. At the time the theory was; you either have typhoid and are really sick or you do not. The same applies to spreading it. She at least would have to be very sick in order to spread it. No one knew about healthy carriers, who like her, were healthy and yet carried the disease with them their whole lives and could also spread it. They did not get sick themselves because their immune system had beaten the bacteria. Therefore, when police officers came to arrest her and put her in quarantine without trial, she really did not know what was happening to her and why. They told her that she was a healthy carrier and had made people sick, but why would she believe this? It was a really novel idea and people were still under the assumption that typhoid was spread by lack of hygiene. So was she. â€Å" Message to good Housewives† with the warning that the house might look clean, â€Å"but don’t get the idea that you can judge simply by the appearance of things†. â€Å"Wherever there is dirt, germs can breed; and flies and vermin will come† (Tomes Reading, p 165). People also did not know that typhoid could be spread by uncooked food like ice cream. If science had been developed more they could have maybe used Mary to find a cure or at least it would probably have given her a better trial in the first place. Now everyone was thinking she had typhoid, so let us just lock her up. Maybe they could have thought of better solutions if they had known more. However, Mary Mallon became a villain after she was released from quarantine, because then she knew she was not allowed to go back to cooking and she did anyway. As a result, many people in the hospital where she worked became sick and died. I have to believe that when she was in the hospital and all of the papers were written about her and cartoons were published she had to know she was carrying it. They would not have kept her in quarantine for so long if she had not been a threat to civilization. Also given the fact that the people in the house where she had worked at first had all become sick must have proved a point to her. They did multiple tests on her as well that proved she carried it. She might still have been thinking that it could not be true but that would have been really ignorant. The facts speak for themselves. When she got out of quarantine and had to obey the rules that they had given to her, and did not obey them she had transformed in to a villain. She knew she was not allowed to cook again because she could spread the disease that way. She had to inform the government where she was and did not do that either. The fact that she went back to cooking for me proves she turned into a villain, because that made many innocent people sick and caused many of them to die. And the worst thing is that of all places she did it in a hospital. She knew she was not allowed to do it but still did it with huge consequences. When she did not know what she was doing she was a victim of her own medical condition, once she knew what she was doing she had become a villain. The fact that after she came out of quarantine she had to work extremely low- paid and bad jobs did not give her the right to go back to cooking and make innocent people sick and die.

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example Cognitive Dissonance Paper Cognitive Dissonance Paper Cognitive dissonance theory was first proposed by Festinger in 1957 in which he suggested that there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i. e. beliefs/opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviours then something must happen to eliminate this inconsistency and the discomfort this causes. Festinger proposed that in the case of a discrepancy between attitude and behaviour it is likely to be that the attitude will alter to accommodate the behaviour. This theory was investigated in a study undertaken by Festinger and Carlsmith in 1959. Subjects were asked to undertake two very dull repetitive tasks. At the end some of the subjects were given one dollar and told to tell the next subject that the task was interesting. Another group of subjects were given twenty dollars and told to tell the next subject that the task was interesting. The final group was sent away once the task was complete without talking to anybody. The groups were subsequently interviewed and questioned on how interesting the task had been. The one dollar group reported that the task was interesting, the twenty dollar group reported the task was boring and the control group reported the same. The conclusion was that the one dollar group was not sufficiently rewarded for lying and therefore cognitive dissonance occurred. They convinced themselves the task was interesting in order to remove the cognitive dissonance. The twenty dollar group were sufficiently rewarded for lying so felt no cognitive dissonance. Dissonance theory and the motorist. When trying to change the attitudes and behaviour of motorists we need to explore Festingers theory of cognitive dissonance. For example, when a motorist takes a rat run in order to avoid a queue of traffic he may not in effect get to his destination any quicker, neither may he recognise the risks associated with his action. If he does recognise this then dissonance will occur. In addition to this he may also live on a residential road and feel aggrieved when motorists use his road to short cut, subsequently cognitive dissonance occurs. In attempt to alleviate this dissonance he may try and justify his actions by altering his attitude in saying that if rat running was a problem on the route he uses then the council would introduce a method of preventing it. He may also convince himself that other people are doing it and one more car wont make a difference. How do we as road safety professionals bring about a change in attitude? Other methods such as physical engineering works can be used to enforce behaviour change however this will only have a short term effect and will be related only to that locality. A long term attitude will have a beneficial effect upon behaviour at all similar situations. One of the biggest successes in road safety during recent times has been the drink drive challenge. In the 1960s and early 1970s it was seen as socially acceptable to drink drive. Your friends did it so you did it with little thought for the consequences. It is fair to say that increased enforcement of this issue has had some affect on reducing the numbers of motorists drink driving but the biggest success has been with attitude change following years of awareness raising and education campaigns. This has brought about a sea change in attitude whereby nowadays it is completely socially unacceptable to drink and drive and it is likely that friends would even prevent each other from doing so. Therefore it can be seen that with sustained targeted and appropriate education attitudes can be changed. It should therefore follow that if we invest the same resources in tackling the issues of inappropriate speed then we can bring about a sustained change in attitude regarding this. We therefore need to challenge the dissonance felt by speeding motorists. In West Sussex we run a road safety campaign aimed at challenging this dissonance. Called Make the Commitment the campaign encourages motorists to sign up to a pledge to say that they will not speed in residential areas. The campaign is adopted by whole communities and not only are the pledges signed but roadside posters are erected to tell motorists that they are in a speed pledge area. This campaign has been successful in challenging the behaviour of those motorists who speed in other areas but would not dream of doing so in their own area. Also included in the campaign has been a number of radio advertisements. This have been hugely successful in reaching the target audience at the time of the behaviour you are challenging thus creating cognitive dissonance in attempt to alter their behaviour at that time. The campaign has been successful in raising the awareness of inappropriate speed and its affects on communities. As mentioned earlier education is also key in bringing about a long term change in attitude and behaviour. The UKs Road Traffic Law Review (1988) recommended that: A pilot study of one day retraining in basic driving skills as a disposal should be undertaken to determine whether such retraining produces a lasting improvement in the driving skills of the offender undertaking it. The recommendation was prompted following the identification that a large number of motor vehicle collisions are caused by driver skills deficit. Furthermore, it was felt that this approach could also benefit drivers who persistently commit traffic violations. It was felt that these drivers attitudes towards committing offences could be modified, with a consequent reduction in their offending behaviour. The National Driver Improvement Scheme (NDIS) attempts to re-educate motorists who have committed offences such as speeding or non-conformity. Attendance is offered on a referral basis as an alternative to the motorist having a fine or penalty points imposed on them. It is likely that these reasons motivate most motorists to attend rather than a desire to change as they will probably believe that they are a safe driver who was unlucky to be caught on that occasion. Therefore, we may assume that the majority of these individuals consider that they made an active, unforced and positive choice in attending the course. Dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) suggests that NDIS clients will justify their physical, financial and psychological investment by changing their attitudes in such a way that they become consistent with those endorsed during the course. During the course attitudes and behaviour is examined and the consequences of inappropriate speeding is highlighted to the participants. Anecdotal evidence has shown that attitudes of even the most sceptical participants are affected by the course and whilst there is still much research to be undertaken to ascertain the long term affects of such programmes the initial research has shown that very few of the participants re-offend within the first two years after attending a course. It is also likely, though as far as I am aware not proven, that participants on the course will go on to re-educate others within their social circle as to the consequences of speeding. The course may therefore be having a greater impact than on just the referred participants.

Godzilla Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Godzilla - Movie Review Example However, at the same time, many critics claimed that Godzilla has not been up to the mark. The critical acclaim was posed against the production and cinematography. This makes it evident that modern version of Godzilla has covered the critical points to overcome critical acclaims. Most of the positive feedback that has been noted over the weeks is in terms of graphical work done for the film. Audiences have greatly enjoyed the audio and visual effects of the film. It is due to this reason that increased number of movie-goers made the film as a must watch. The film has been made with little emphasis on storyline and more action oriented. The rendering of action sequence is by far well done in this film which was not better in previous version of Godzilla (Edwards). Cinematography is yet another element of the film that has been able to gain a lot of attention. The main objective of films such as Godzilla is to make sure that their focused monsters are extremely horrible. This is exactly the case in the 2014th version of Godzilla where the monsters were given scariest look. Also, the ability of the heroic groups or the combating party was shown to be very less that rather increased interest of the audiences. It must be said that making the monster larger than life greatly worked for the film. In order to increase the intensity of damage that has been by the monster, the film’s production team made use of panoramic shots of the film that was damaged by the monster. Such details greatly made audiences to imagine the damage that could have been done in the real life by such monsters if they were real. One of the aspects that must be noticed is that the cast of the film is very interesting. The actors are fairly famous actors and actresses. However, the film storyline did not give much chance to the actors to play their respective roles with enhanced looks. Thus, it can be said that the film rather revolves around the monster

Digital Equity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Digital Equity - Assignment Example For this reason, the provision of free laptops or home computers has a little help in reducing the academic gap between the haves and the have-nots. From a research conducted by Pew, students in rural areas spend up to $80 per month on internet connection while those in the urban areas spend $36 per month. Although these figures might be small for the rich, the poor cannot afford such expensive connection. Consequently, they have limited access to information, class notes, and often late with their assignment completion and submission. The solution for educational gap does not depend on internet access but rather on the educational policies. The government should introduce a program to ensure that each student has equal access to educational materials regardless of their financial status. Your assertion that technology is an important instrument in facilitating the access to educational material and a communication tool where educators can distribute learning material to the student is compelling. In addition, your acknowledgment that limited access to the internet due to high connection prices provides the reality of the matter as it affects the poor students. Finally, the proposal you make to ensure all students complete and submit their assignment on time shows a high level of consideration. Specifically, this is because you have considered the situation of various students within the society and offered a solution that can help in improving their academic

A Study On Power Of Media

A Study On Power Of Media Gods great gift to humanity is communication. Freedom of speech is a right of every individual who have expressed their thoughts, because of their free will desires, and aspirations through the mass media (Russell, Norman and Heckler, 2004). Communicating liberally with other affirms the self-esteem and merit of each and every member of society. Freedom of phrase is vital in the achievement and growth of knowledge. Communication brings ahead a variety of ideas and information. People nowadays are well-versed and more open-minded thanks to flourishing press freedom and rising mass media here and in many parts of the world (KRCMAR and Kean, 2005). All points of view are represented in the souk of ideas and culture benefits from question about their worth. In addition, this is how media influences culture as it leaves a large shock on the individuals (Potts, Richard, Dedmon and Halford, 1996). As it has an innate power to hold and influence the total person. It leaves a sensible and lasting impact on equally the conscious and subconscious. While media informs and educates, it also corrupts and exploits, leading it to adjoin to the moral disgrace of society (Russell, Norman and Heckler, 2004). Medias function in society is to update, educate, and amuse. It tells the truth and provides optimistic motivation that can build up descriptions and reputations the right way. Therefore, media has contributed deeply in ways that both enlighten and supplement society, but in additional ways have deteriorated and perplexed it. It is not a shock to learn, then, that media is the most powerful source of information, and nothing else in todays world influences public insight as heavily (Salzman, Philip 1993). Media in the Philippine is simply a sign, an outgrowth, and a mirror of society as a whole. In spite of everything, media has been thought to have such a great authority over people. But, rather than performing its work in society, media has strayed, having a more harmful than constructive implication. It destroys descriptions and reputations, covers up the truth, stimulates negatively, and imparts the wrong messages (Anderson, Eugene, Fornell, and Lehmann, 1994). Moreover, people practice a freedom of the press that becomes a flood of contradictory information and opinion. It confuses even as it is thought to inform, it assails the sanity even as it is thought to cleanse them, it entertains more than it enlightens, it gossips more than it informs (Salzman and Philip, 1993). Media has become ethically and ingeniously bankrupt. Media shows no ethics and morals and the substance is packed with no other topic but aggression and sex. As a result, media mirrors society by reflecting it as a society with little ethics, with offense, sex, and pornography. It contributes to the nationwide breakdown and the moral disgrace of society. It has dishonored and broken the freedom of the press (Miller, 1995). Media teaches by means of sensations and descriptions that leave a superior effect on the youth. People become victims of medias misuse as they are being inclined for the bad. Because of the influences that shape the subconscious, all forms of media should be taken more significantly so as to prevent harmful effects (Potts, Richard, Dedmon and Halford, 1996). 1.2 Modern Media The medias main impact is psychological and intellectual. Media and entertainment companies form public opinion and assist in framing the terms of public discussion. The media is what we interpret, listen to and observe. In equivalent, through its close affiliation with advertisers, the media also exerts a great influence on the decisions we put together, the products we buy, and the kind of questions we put when we make our daily choices (Gerbner, 1990). The long view of the past proves medias power by presentation that the medium itself, in the extended run, is more influential than the messages it carries, because the medium determines what can be communicated and how we imagine about that communication (Potts, Richard, Dedmon and Halford, 1996). Television, radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and internet sites are mainly owned by profit-making businesses. 1.3 Changing Media Values, Study of Pakistan Media is one of the significant organs in forming national identities. For the last ten years media in subcontinent is conquered by India. To begin with the domination was in the form of movies but once the advent of satellite television they have altered the lives of people of subcontinent (Malhotra, Iqbal 2000). Following the liberalization of Indian media Indian satellite channels principally entertainment channels were launched swiftly. This all started in 90s, at that time rest of the countries of South Asia together with Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka etc were far behind India. Through that era they all were relying on national televisions. Television programming was going to full circle now. It started of with Doordarshan. Then comes satellite television. From local content it becomes more national (Sonwalkar. Prasun, 2001). Public of these countries were not having any right of entry to moderate media like Zee TV or Star TV Asia. Indian entrepreneurs just took benefit of this fact and launched plethora of satellite channels one by one. In 1999 Pakistani government allowed private television and radio channels to be aired from the soil of Pakistan, until this time Pakistani audience were used to Indian entertainment. Pakistani government tried to vanish Indian satellite channels from the TV lounges of regular Pakistani family in the course of imposing bar on Indian satellite channels, but they were unsuccessful (Gholam Khiabany, 2003). In this age of Globalization the majority of the regions are affected by commercialization and uneven stream of Information. The worst victims of Globalization are developing countries those are victims of uneven stream of information from urban countries. In South Asia case is totally different, this region is dominated by India, which itself still comes in the category of emergent country. The thought of writing this text is to write something about non-western world (Sardar, Ziauddin 1993). India is improving in media industry, this is not only influencing Indian society but also its influence stretched to its neighbors, Pakistan Bangladesh, Nepal and even Sri Lanka is reliant on their media (David and Crawley, 2001). Language and ethnicity played important function in the growth of Indian Media industry, Urdu language bind India and Pakistan. Everyone in Pakistan understands Urdu, and there is no visible difference in Hindi and Urdu. Elites of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka always speak about cultural imperialism of India. Pakistani government tried to stop this influence by banning Indian channels in Pakistan, but Pakistani people are now more inclined to Indian media. Zee TV, Sony and Star Plus (Indian Satellite Channels) have penetrated in the upper middle class Pakistani homes as never before (Sonwalkar. Prasun, 2001). According to UNESCO India is the lowest importer of Television programs, only 8 percent of the programming showed on television in 1990 was imported from abroad. Indian satellite channels dispersed from the control room of cable operator to the subscriber home, not only shows film and television dramas but also showed political and supplementary events to grip advertising (David and Crawley, 2001). The soap opera culture which was in fact western idea was ideally adopted by Star Plus. In nineties while Indian media liberalized from the control of Door Darshan, and star network began there satellite channels, then primarily star network laid the foundation of westernized form of entertainment. Like Stars Channel V, Zees Music Asia channel is a booming indigenized adaptation of Western models such as MTV and Channel V (Mowlana Hamid, 1996). Going on in step with the liberalization of the market, television has brought about a liberalization of culture inside India over the past decade. This has meant, on one hand, admission to sources of news and entertainment not controlled by government but, on the other hand, exposure to a tele-visual culture at odds with conventional norms and morals (Gholam Khiabany, 2003). Yet as it may have been Western programs such as The Bold and the Beautiful that led this cultural invasion, the resulting competition for audiences has clearly been won by those channels that have developed programs based on Indian accepted culture, mainly film and film music, and have normally been able to indigenize the worldwide forms of commercial television. Indian satellite television networks particularly Star Plus have cached the overseas formats and tried with the Hindi versions. Kyon kai saas bhi kabhi bahu thi(Indian satellite channel Star Plus famous soap opera) is most prominent soap opera in South Asia (John Ellis, 2000). In South Asia soap opera culture was introduced by Zee TV, in 1992 Tara (Zee TV Soap opera) was first and praised by community all across South Asia. Before soap opera Pakistani Dramas were very famous, but due to soap opera traditions the whole television drama creation industry is on the edge of fall down. Even Pakistani satellite channels are replication same format. This is the sequence of globalization, Indian media engaged western structure of entertainment and they experimented (Butcher, 2003). Indian television programs and films are integral part of Pakistani society. Over the years through videos and TV, there has been an recognition of Indians as similar people, so it would be very hard to get rid of Indian videos and TV programs from Pakistani society. The accessibility of international television channels by means of satellite at the start of the 1990s forced the liberalization of a television market formerly held as a national monopoly by the state broadcaster Doordarshan. There remain important technical boundaries on the degree to which television can give out as the stage on which new convergent information services can be delivered (Banerjee, 2002). As language and region increasingly dominate media content and viewership, concept of Imperialism and hegemony acquires new meanings in localized settings. Language and traditions played important role in the development of Indian Media industry, Urdu language bind India and Pakistan. Everybody in Pakistan understands Urdu, and there is no visible dissimilarity in Hindi and Urdu. Elites of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka at all times talk about cultural imperialism of India. Pakistani government tried to prevent this persuade by banning Indian channels in Pakistan, but Pakistani people are now more inclined to Indian media (Butcher, 2003). Zee TV, Sony and Star Plus (Indian Satellite Channels) have penetrated in the upper middle class Pakistani homes as never before. The coming of Satellites television has posed peculiar problems for the official custodians of Pakistani culture because it has breached the ideological boundaries of the state in a much more intensive way then ever before (David Page and William Crawley, 2001). 1.4 Importance of this research: Media industry (drama/soaps) in Pakistan is at it growing stage and due to the reason it lacks many important resources in terms of capital and infrastructure it gets dependant on the copy art and starts taking influences from the neighboring countries. Such research would be able to highlight different aspects of the industry and the weakness that are the causes of the failure to capture the audience. Similarly how these weaknesses can be tempered and taken care of. Efforts can be put on those areas for improvement. This research will benefit the producers that are produce dramas/soaps, the production companies and the TV channels involved in this area. Pakistani industry has a lot of talent in terms of the human resource but they are not being utilized at the potential. By highlighting the issues and their remedies one can easily understand how to improve the quality of the product. 1.5 Theoretical Framework and Research Question The reason to conduct this research was to study and understand the correlation between the connectedness with the program while watching any TV program. This research will try to identify the existence of any sort of relation between the viewership and the connectedness of an individual with the program. In order to prove such relationship the frequency of viewership will be questioned and level of connectedness with the program will be analyzed. In this research five variables have been taken into consideration for studying the relationship between connectedness and the viewership of the program as proposed by (Russell, Norman and Heckler, 2004): Escape Modeling Aspiration Imitation Fashion The current media situation in Pakistan Entertainment sector is that producers of the dramas/soaps have an understanding of what the viewer wants to see. This comes from the high involvement of Pakistani viewer in the Indian dramas/soaps. Due to this producers are producing content that is in turn a copy of the Indian dramas/soaps. If we see this from the perspective of a viewer there is lesser viewership of Pakistani entertainment channels as compared to Indian channels, then why is the producer producing such content? There is a gap in the understanding of the viewer and the producer of the dramas/soaps in Pakistan. We can study this by studying the television viewing and the factors that are influencing the viewer to watch on program more than the other. Connectedness is a newly developed construct of audience viewing behavior, and it proposed to be one of the important antecedents of audience satisfaction with positive relationships. We will find out if the viewer is willing to watch any other content on the Pakistani channel and can relate to it. In order to analyze the correlation between the connectedness and the frequency of viewership following Hypotheses are being proposed: Frequency of viewing a particular program has no relationship with the time spent in watching television. Frequency of viewing a particular program has no relation with the connectedness of the program Connection with the favorite particular program has no relationship with the number of hours an individual spends in front of a TV. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Television viewership Robinson in a studies concluded that television seems to have a superior influence on the structure of daily life than any other novelty in this century (Gabriel Weimann, Hans-Bernd Brosius and Mallory, 1992). Television has altered the daily life of more people in this century then any other medium or discovery. In a US poll, 68 percent stated that watching television was their main resource of enjoyment (Gabriel Weimann, Hans-Bernd Brosius and Mallory, 1992). Children are watching television as a firm routine around the age of two and a half and a typical mature or child watching an average of two to three hours per day more time that they utilize on any other activity except working and sleeping. No wonder that this influential medium has become one of the principles of modern culture (Jeanette K. Chan, Marcia Ellis, and Auria Styles, 2005). Moreover, adults are thought to obtain their images of actual and ideal truth and it also interacts with the childrens developing perceptions of reality, both on a communal and individual level (Jennifer M, Lawrie 1998). The last decade had witnessed noteworthy changes in the media system of many societies. The development of the cable television , undeviating broad casting satellites, teletext and additional broadcast television joined existing competitors for audience attention time, money and pleasure.( Lin, Carolyn A. 1993). Watching television is today more than ever a significant attribute of the modern life, capturing a major slice of our spare time. This has led quite a few scholars of mass communication to draw their attention towards television-its content, construction, usage as well as outcomes and control. 2.2 Media globalization: An Indian perspective It is not an understatement to say that the 1990s have been moderately vital to the conversion of Indian media networks and industries. Considering the fact, that the Indian media for a long time was principally restricted national wide . Indian cinema had active regional division networks in Africa, the USSR, South East Asia, and the Middle East, but here the cultural broadcast of the Hindi film greatly outweighed any severe economic returns in comparison to Hollywood, or what was to approach in the 1990s. Television only advanced after the 1980s, with a huge state network that crossed the country boundries. The 1980s were no doubt important as cassette culture changed the music industry and outweighed the iron grip of international music forms that had conquered the old LP record business. As Peter Manuels work shows, cassette culture drew new markets, created new artists and music forms, and enormously expanded the market (Ravi Sundaram, 2005). Thus the media bang of the 1990s, generally going under globalization, was not without a background, but was obvious by a mixture of both media forms and temporal stepping up. Within a few years India experienced satellite cable television advancing from just a a few to a total of 80 channels, and the increase of other media in the shape of cassettes, CDs, VCDs, MP3s, and DVDs. Media ownership was enormously varied. New empires came up from satellite television, going into circulation, and later on into film production. For the most part television circulation remained extremely erratic; cable was largely retailed by minor independent group of actors in the neighborhoods. By the late 1990s, multi-service providers came forward, pushed by large television networks contributing franchises to local troupes, but this only enlarged difference at the local level between competitors. Mostly, cable distribution stays in the informal zone and a source of disagreement over intellectual possess ions. In the music sector, a huge new production network now exists in the informal subdivision, producing a range of remixes, religious, crossovers and versions of registered film music. The larger companies have tremendously profited by lowered costs of manufacture and the capability of the small company to immediately respond to musical tastes and produce new artistes. Film music, once a leading part of the market (80%) has witnessed its share slipping slowly, at any tempo piracy makes market control impossible (Ravi Sundaram, 2005). In the case of Bombay, the picture remains unclear with the industry moving from crisis to crisis. Most of the expression seems to be against piracy as a reason for losses, but the quality of wordings has been declining, a constant objection in the industry. This situation has led to a small opening for new medium-budget productions with new actors and directors. Concisely, we can differentiate the media in India from the 1990s whose relationship can at best be described as permeable. At one level are the new media enteritis: the business owners of satellite television channels, large software industries located in the techno-cities of Bangalore and Hyderabad, and the advertising companies in Bombay. The great software companies have been the most gainful in the stock market, and operate in real time with Western companies, and hire thousands of programmers. The second level is the huge and vibrant informal and often illegal media zone of urban India, which has, practically, retailed the new cultural group to the group of citizens. This includes the thousands of small cable television networks, millions of publicly operated phone booths in neighborhoods, street music sellers, pirate and non-copyright media producers, and public internet entrà ©e points (Sonwalkar. Prasun, 2001). In India especially Delhi, a considerable part of the media experience of the 1990s emerged from networks that were part of this society of the copy, a world that I have called pirate modernity. Pirate modern culture transformed production and movement of commodities using the ill-legal media copy as a major form for producing and reproducing products in the city. In Delhi the media copy exists in a balanced relationship with all other objects and industries: clothes, cosmetics, medicine, household goods, and also car and machine parts. As is clear, copy ethnics pits piracy right into a global social disagreement on definitions of property (Ninan, 2004). Media and film research in India has now given way to chronological and modern studies, as well as digital networks and the upcoming industrial form of the media itself. Research is at an initial stage, but given the seriousness of the task and an extensive list of issues, some thrilling interventions should be predictable in the next few years (Ravi Sundaram, 2005). An efflorescence of the media in India during the 1990s, mostly in television has changed the south Asian media. After the innovation of the overseas channels declined in the early 1990s, Indian channels strengthened their position, experienced highest viewers rating and enforced foreign channels to significantly adopt local programming. The late 1990s supplemented a new aspect with region/language-specific channels. Besides, Indian media products are gradually being viewed as cultural imperialism within South Asia similar to as the western products were during 1960s-70s. Indias media power and effervescence appears to pose some tests to the trope of media imperialism (Prasun Sonwalkar, 2001). The concept of media-scape as battle ground is often suggested in economic terms, but this can well de broadened to politics as well, as the situation in South Asia. For example, cream of Pakistan, Nepal Bangladesh and Sri Lanka not normally speak of Indian cultural imperialism. Zee TV and Sony have entered into the upper middle class Pakistani homes as never before (Amit Baruah, 2000). As Pakistans information minister, Javed Jabbar, put in I am worried about the pressure of Indian satellite television on our people (Sanjaya Baru, 2000). Foreign channels like Star TV were first to affect in the early 1990s, but its initial uneasiness of a cultural invasion appeared lost as their viewership declined when local channels like Zee came up. In 1992 viewers switched to channels with programs that closer to their culture. This is obvious from the program-based viewer-ship examples across eight major Indian cities. This however, this let down most foreign channels to make a good ranking. Many viewers seemed to decline Indian channels like Doordarshan, Zee TV or Sony (Prasun Sonwalkar, 2001). This has enforced major overseas channels like Star TV to initiate Hindi language programming. According to, Patrick Cross (BBC worlds managing director), additional programs in Hindi were going to be introduced. This was the first time that BBC World was going to broadcast in aregional language anywhere in the world (Anjan Mitra, 2000). According to Peter Mukerjea (CEO, Star India), they had to get into regional language programs in India and speak the tongue that the Indians were at ease in (Anjan Mitra, 2000). Furthermore, Star TV reintroduced their programming by moving popular English-language soaps like Santa Barbara, Baywatch and Bold and the Beautiful to Star world to make way for Hindi shows (Prasun Sonwalkar, 2001). Doordarshan had dominated the market before 1991, but the growing attractiveness of satellite channels has affected its returns even though it sustained its vast viewership (Hasan Suroor, 2000). In 1992, the Indians were alarmed that a cultural invasion could take place, but it was an out-vasion which occured. Sony and Zee are viewed in some African countries, in the Middle East, the UK and Europe, and Star Plus is streaming across Asia. Each one of them represented what is relevant to Indians (Iqbal Malhotra, 2000). Not only the entertainment channels but also the Indian news channels receive normal response in the newsroom from many spectators and politicians in Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines, etc. who regularly call up newsrooms to comment on news stories which are live or offer suggestions for coverage (Prasun Sonwalkar, 2001). In conclusion is can be said that, the western communication of cultural/media imperialism comes in for a dispute even as national continues to be a key determinant in the cultural scene thats permits new language and regional force to appear within and across nation states due to new media and trends in communications technology (Prasun Sonwalkar, 2001). 2.3 Soap Operas and Gossip Soap operas are extremely accepted cultural forms, attracting more than 10 million viewers daily, the majority of which are females. From the economic point of view, they produce significant profits for the network (Hasan Suroor, 2000). Regardless of their abilities to draw large number of audiences and to produce large profits, soap operas have long been seen as an object of disrespect. One of the criticisms leveled at soap operas is that they are slow-paced. Soap operas are multifaceted, with large characters and plot lines which build up slowly over large periods of time. Viewers tend to get emotionally involved to the characters in a soap opera (Hasan Suroor, 2000). Viewers themselves penetrate vicariously into the imaginary soap opera community. There are many long-term audiences, some of whom have been watching soap operas for as long as 35 years. Soap operas are planned around a cylindrical cycle of the real world in which viewers live. The lives of characters run corresponding to the lives of viewers in time. Thus it is the time not plot which comes to control the description process (Hasan Suroor, 2000). The organization of time and the durability of certain characters, allows the viewers to turn into very familiar with the characters histories, well ahead of the time-frame of any one episode. These histories are reactivated in the minds of long-time viewers in scenes where the characters talk about the implications of a particular occasion or action. Scenes filled with gossip are in fact essential to how events on soap operas are interpreted by audiences (Hasan Suroor, 2000). Gossip among characters and a soap opera to give the viewers a running commentary on the action, providing information and details about the latest facts of the plots. It helps bind together various plots and characters so that the audiences can interpret how an action will affect other characters not directly involved in the plot, giving a certain plot line a depth (Hasan Suroor, 2000). The intensity of this model complexity is evident at a soap opera wedding, funeral, and other traditional events, allowing audiences to revive memorial events of their own minds. Viewers of soap operas tend to talk about its characters as if they were real people and also have a tendency to get personal about them (Hasan Suroor, 2000). The wider fame of soap operas extends discussion ahead of the television and into the categories through which people live through the dialogue they excite in the media. In these ways, we see that the idle talk (gossip) in and generated by soap operas has a superior impact on our lives then previously envisioned (Hasan Suroor, 2000). Americans watch a lot of television; a study conducted in 1978 indicates that for a U.S. household, he television set is on an average of six hours and eleven minutes daily. At the same time as TV Audience program preferences are rationally well documented, the base for these preference lies in what the viewer is offered. Thus, an understanding of the quantitative rate and the qualitative content of what programs are available (the menu) is a qualification to a more complete understanding and conceptualization of what the audience prefers. Clearly, prime time is vital to the network. The program lineups assembled for this time period have been manufactured and designed to attract most viewership. Although less commercials minutes per hour are permitted in prime time, the actual dollars per second are much more expensive during these hours than any other times due to large number of audiences (Mazzarella, 2003). For the network programmer, critical attention must be given to the calculated succession of the shows during the prime time. Successful television programming involves far more than simply arriving at come capricious sequence of program product. Of course, networks want to collect large, static audience for their prime time line-ups. There is also a desire to constantly increase ones own audience size. 2.4 Television Audience Satisfaction To help increase the efficiency of television broadcasting and advertising, studies have been conducted on audience viewing manners by investigating the background and consequences of audience satisfaction of television programs. Consumer satisfaction has long been recognized as a vital concept as well as an significant goal of all business activities (Anderson, Fornell, and Lehmann, 1994). High consumer satisfaction has many paybacks for the firm, such as amplified consumer loyalty, enhanced firm reputation, condensed price elasticity, etc. comprehension of its importance has resulted in a proliferation of research on consumer contentment over the past few decades (Anton, 1997). Considering television programs as products, media researchers study audience liking and satisfaction from the marketing perspective. The audience activity constructs as an dominant factor in the gratification-seeking course and examines the viewing motives, activities, and satisfaction of adolescents (Lin, 1993). In addition to studying audience satisfaction from the viewpoint of viewers behavior, it is no doubt that TV programs presentation should play a role in audience satisfaction. Rather than studying the performance at product level, Gardial et al. (1994) point out that consumers are more likely to eevaluate of their post-purchase practice of satisfaction at an attribute level. An attribute-based approach enables researchers to conceptualize usually practical phenomena, such as consumers experiencing assorted feelings toward a product or service. An attribute-level approach to satisfaction affords managers a superior level of specificity and analytical usefulness compared with the product level or overall approach. The link between products attribute-level presentation and overall satisfaction has been considered by many marketing researchers (Mittal, Ross, and Baldasare, 1998; Oliva, Oliver, and Bearden, 1995). When adopting such a concept on an audience satisfaction study, we can say that a TV programs performance at quality level is one of the significant antecedents of audience satisfaction. When examining the theoretical and logical significance of the link between attribute-level performance and overall satisfaction, it is vital to recognize that the relationship could be asymmetric according to the well-known prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979), which postulates that peoples judgments show loss aversion. Psychologically, a one-unit loss is weighted more than an equal amount of gain. On the basis of this theory, we propose: Connectedness is a recently developed construct of audience viewing behavior, and it is projected to be one of the important antecedents of audience satisfaction with optimistic relationship. Study confirms the legitimacy of connectedness and supports it as an antecedent of audience satisfaction. 2.5 Behavioral measures of television audience appreciation Study on audience reactions to television programs dates back to the 1960s. A variety of private research firms and public broadcasters